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    <title>第二章 信息技术及其发展</title>
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        <div class="node" data-target="section2_1">
            <div class="content">2.1 信息技术及其发展</div>
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        <div id="section2_1" class="hidden">
            <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_1_1">
                <div class="content">信息技术定义</div>
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                <div class="subsubnode">信息技术是对信息进行获取、加工、处理、存储和使用的技术</div>
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            <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_1_3">
                <div class="content">计算机网络</div>
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            <div id="subsection2_1_3" class="hidden">
                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_3_1">
                    <div class="content">网络标准协议</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_1_1">
                        <div class="content">OSI七层协议</div>
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                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_1_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">应用层：具体的网络应用 FTP、SMTP、HTTP、Telnet、POP3</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">表示层：定义数据格式，加密 GIF、JPEG、DES、ASCII、MPEG</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">会话层：两点之间建立和维持会话 SQL、NFS、RPC</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">传输层：确保是数据可靠从A到B TCP、UDP、SPX</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">网络层：网络地址转化物理地址 IP、IPX、ICMP</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">数据链路层：网络层与物理层的通信 HDLC、PPP、ATM、802.3/.2</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">物理层：传输媒体的物理特性的标准 RS232、V3.5、RJ-45</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_1_2">
                        <div class="content">TCP/IP四层协议</div>
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                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_1_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">应用层：对应OSI应用层、表示层、会话层</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">传输层：对应OSI传输层</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">网络层：对应OSI网络层</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">网络接口层：对应OSI数据链路层、物理层</div>
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                </div>

                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_3_2">
                    <div class="content">软件定义网络SDN</div>
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                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_3_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">定义：是一种新型网络创新架构，通过软件编程的形式定义和控制网络</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_2_1">
                        <div class="content">SDN框架</div>
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                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_2_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">数据平面：由通用硬件组成，负责通路连接</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">控制平面：由SDN控制器组成，负责各种转发规则的控制</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">应用平面：由网络应用组成，负责编程、部署新应用</div>
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                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_3_3">
                    <div class="content">5G技术</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode">特点：高速率、低延时、大连接</div>
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                        <div class="content">技术方案</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">支持高速率传输和更优覆盖：采用LDOC、Polar新型信道编码方案</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">支持低时延、高可靠：采用短帧、快速反馈、多层/多站数据重传技术</div>
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                        <div class="content">应用场景</div>
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                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_3_3_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">增强移动宽带（eMBB）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">超高可靠低时延通信（uRLLC）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">海量机器类通信（mMTC）</div>
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            </div>
            <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_1_4">
                <div class="content">存储和数据库</div>
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            <div id="subsection2_1_4" class="hidden">
                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_4_1">
                    <div class="content">存储技术</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode">分类：封闭系统的存储和开放系统的存储</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">存储虚拟化：将存储设备转换为逻辑数据存储</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">绿色存储技术：降低存储设备功耗，提高每瓦性能</div>
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                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_4_2">
                    <div class="content">数据结构模型</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode">层次模型：以树形结构表示数据</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">网状模型：以网状结构表示数据</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">关系模型：以二维表形式表示数据</div>
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                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_4_3">
                    <div class="content">数据库类型</div>
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                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_4_3" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsection2_1_4_3_1">
                        <div class="content">关系型数据库（SQL）</div>
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                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_4_3_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">支持事务ACID原则</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">保证事务过程中数据的正确性</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsection2_1_4_3_2">
                        <div class="content">非关系型数据库（NoSQL）</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsubsection2_1_4_3_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">分布式、非关系型</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">不保证遵循ACID原则</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubsubnode">包括键值数据库、列存储、面向文档、图形</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_4_4">
                    <div class="content">数据仓库</div>
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                    <div class="subsubsubnode">数据仓库定义：面向主题的、集成的、非易失的且随时间变化的数据集合</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">相关概念：清洗/转换/加载、元数据、粒度、分割、数据集市、操作数据存储（ODS）、人工关系</div>
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            </div>

            <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_1_5">
                <div class="content">信息安全</div>
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            </div>
            <div id="subsection2_1_5" class="hidden">
                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_5_1">
                    <div class="content">信息安全基础</div>
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                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_5_1" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">信息安全属性：保密性、完整性、可用性</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">信息系统安全层次：设备安全、数据安全、内容安全、行为安全</div>
                </div>

                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_5_2">
                    <div class="content">网络安全技术</div>
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                </div>
                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_5_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">防火墙</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">入侵检测与防护</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">VPN</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">安全扫描</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">网络蜜罐技术</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">用户和实体行为分析技术</div>
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                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_5_3">
                    <div class="content">加密解密技术</div>
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                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_5_3" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">对称加密：以DES为代表，加密密钥和解密密钥相同</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">非对称加密：以RSA为代表，加密密钥和解密密钥不同</div>
                </div>

                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_5_4">
                    <div class="content">安全行为分析技术</div>
                    <span class="icon">▼</span>
                </div>
                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_5_4" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">用户和实体行为分析（UEBA）</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">提供用户画像及异常检测</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">利用大数据分析和异常检测可疑或非法行为</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">包括获取层、算法分析层、场景应用层</div>
                </div>

                <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_1_5_5">
                    <div class="content">网络安全态势感知</div>
                    <span class="icon">▼</span>
                </div>
                <div id="subsubsubsection2_1_5_5" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">预测未来的网络安全发展趋势</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">前提：安全大数据</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">关键技术：海量多元异构数据的汇聚融合技术</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">关键技术：面向多类型的网络安全威胁评估技术</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">关键技术：网络安全态势评估与决策支撑技术</div>
                    <div class="subsubsubnode">关键技术：网络安全态势可视化</div>
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            </div>
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        <!-- 新增独立的mindmap容器 -->
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            <div class="node" data-target="section2_2">
                <div class="content">2.2 新一代信息技术及应用</div>
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            <div id="section2_2" class="hidden">
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_1">
                    <div class="content">物联网</div>
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                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_1" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_1_1">
                        <div class="content">定义及架构</div>
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                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_1_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">物联网通过信息传感设备，按约定协议将任何物品与互联网相连</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">架构：感知层、网络层、应用层</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_1_2">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_1_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">传感器技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">传感网</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">应用系统框架</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_1_3">
                        <div class="content">应用和发展</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_1_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">智能交通</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">智能家居</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">工业物联网</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_2">
                    <div class="content">云计算</div>
                    <span class="icon">▼</span>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_2_1">
                        <div class="content">技术基础</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_2_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">分布式计算，通过网络“云”分解处理程序</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">快速、按需、弹性服务</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_2_2">
                        <div class="content">服务模式</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_2_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">基础设施即服务（IaaS）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">平台即服务（PaaS）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">软件即服务（SaaS）</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_2_3">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_2_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">虚拟化技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">云存储技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">多租户和访问控制管理</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">云安全技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_2_4">
                        <div class="content">应用和发展</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_2_4" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">云计算在企业中的应用</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">云计算的未来发展趋势</div>
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                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_3">
                    <div class="content">大数据</div>
                    <span class="icon">▼</span>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_3" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_3_1">
                        <div class="content">技术基础</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_3_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">具有更强的决策力、洞察发现力和流程优化能力的海量、高增长率和多样化的信息资产</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_3_2">
                        <div class="content">特征</div>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_3_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据海量</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据类型多样</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据价值密度低</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据处理速度快</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_3_3">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_3_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">大数据获取技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">分布式数据处理技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">大数据管理技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">大数据应用和服务技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_3_4">
                        <div class="content">应用和发展</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_3_4" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">大数据在商业中的应用</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">大数据的未来发展趋势</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_4">
                    <div class="content">区块链</div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_4" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_4_1">
                        <div class="content">技术基础</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_4_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">比特币的诞生（2008年）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">分类：公有链、联盟链、私有链、混合链</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_4_2">
                        <div class="content">典型特征</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_4_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">多中心化、分布式</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">多方维护、共识机制</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">时序数据</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">智能合约</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">不可篡改</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">安全可信</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_4_3">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_4_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">分布式账本</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">加密算法</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">共识机制</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_4_4">
                        <div class="content">应用板和数据</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_4_4" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">区块链在金融领域的应用</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">区块链的未来发展趋势</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_5">
                    <div class="content">人工智能AI</div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_5" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_5_1">
                        <div class="content">技术基础</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_5_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人工智能是人类智能的一门技术科学</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_5_2">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_5_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">机器学习</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">神经网络</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">深度学习</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">自然语言处理</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">专家系统</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_5_3">
                        <div class="content">应用板和数据</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_5_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人工智能在医疗、金融、交通等领域的应用</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人工智能的未来发展趋势</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection2_2_6">
                    <div class="content">虚拟现实VR</div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection2_2_6" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_6_1">
                        <div class="content">技术基础</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_6_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">创立和体验虚拟世界的计算机系统</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_6_2">
                        <div class="content">特征</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_6_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">沉浸性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">交互性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">多感知性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">构想性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">自主性</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_6_3">
                        <div class="content">关键技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_6_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人机交互技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">传感器技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">动态环境建模技术</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">系统集成技术</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsection2_2_6_4">
                        <div class="content">应用板和数据</div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsubsection2_2_6_4" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">虚拟现实在游戏、教育、医疗等领域的应用</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">虚拟现实的未来发展趋势</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
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